General Chemistry is one of the important topics for the MBBS entrance exam which covers up to 15 marks including physical chemistry in IOM’s MBBS entrance exam. Not only IOM’s entrance exam, but it is also a very important topic in chemistry for any medical exams in Nepal and India and also if you are planning to pursue your career in chemistry.
Here you will find an overview of the chapter you need to study in General Chemistry to prepare for MBBS entrance exam. Hope in the near future we will provide you individual notes from each chapters. Let’s us know if you have any questions in your mind, we will try our best to answer you.
- Basic terms of chemistry
- Elements, compounds, and mixtures
- The molar concept
- The laws of Chemistry
- Periodic classification of elements
- Chemical bonds
- Bonding interactions as a function of electronegativity differences
- Non-bonding interactions
- Chemical equations
- Writing and balancing chemical equations
- Molecular, ionic, redox and thermochemical equations
- The gaseous state
- Kinetic gas theory
- Gas laws
- The liquid and the solid-state
- Phase transition, the phase diagram of water
- Types of crystals lattices, super-cooled liquids, amorphous solids
- Solutions
- The solubility of gases in liquids
- The solubility of liquids in liquids
- Partitions of a solute between two immiscible solvents
- Concentration of solutions
- The solubility of solids in liquids, solubility curves
- Colligative properties of dilute solutions
- Raoult’s law
- Freezing point depression
- Boiling point elevation
- The osmotic phenomenon
- Osmotic concentration and osmotic pressure
- Biological importance of osmosis
- Electrolytes
- The distinction between electrolytes and non-electrolytes
- Two types of electrolytes
- Electrolytic dissociation, degree of dissociation
- Determination of the degree of dissociation from conductivity measurement
- Acid-base theories
- Arrhenius’ theory
- Theory of Bronsted and Lowry
- Lewis theory
- Definition and examples of:
- Acids
- Acid anhydrides
- Acyl groups
- Acid halides
- Bases
- Base anhydrides
- Salts and Thio compounds
- Definition and classification of salts with examples
- Definition of thio compounds with examples
- Chemical kinetics
- Reaction rate, rate constants, and half-life
- Zero, first, and second-order rate of reactions
- Reaction mechanism, collision theory, transition state, activation energy
- Temperature dependence of reaction rates
- The rate-determining step of complex reactions
- Catalysis
- Definition of catalysts and inhibitors
- The homogenous and heterogeneous catalyst with examples
- The Michelis-Menten mechanism of enzyme action
- Chemical equilibria
- Definition and classification of chemical equilibria
- The interaction of the mass-action law (Kinetic approach)
- Altering equilibrium conditions (Le-Chatelier’s principle with example)
- Electrolytic equilibria
- Electrolytic dissociation as an equilibrium
- Relationship between the degree of dissociation and dissociation constant
- Heterogeneous equilibria
- Precipitate formation as an equilibrium
- Solubility product
- Amphoteric character
- Definition and examples
- Isoelectric point
- Self-ionization of water (pH and pOH)
- Definition of pH
- The pH of strong and weak electrolytes
- Methods of pH measurement
- Buffer solutions
- Definition
- The Henderson-Hassenbalch equation
- Buffer capacity
- Physiological buffer systems (bicarbonate and phosphate)
- Hydrolysis of salts
- Qualitative aspects with examples
- Acid-base indicators
- Definition, the mechanism of change in color
- Indicator exponent, color-change interval
- Acid-base titrations, interpretation of titration curves
- Electrochemistry
- Redox reactions, oxidation number with examples
- Electrode processes (half-cell reactions: anode and cathode)
- Electrode potentials
- Standard hydrogen electrode, standard potentials, the electrochemical series
- Galvanic Cells
- Explanation of the function of a voltaic cell
- Nernst equation, electromotive force
- Classification of electrodes (first and second kind, ion-selective membrane electrodes)
- Concentration Cells
- Definition and calculation of e.m.f.
- Measuring pH with concentration cell and with gas electrode
- Redox potential
- Definition and function of redox electrodes
- Predicting the direction of redox reactions by comparison of standard redox potentials
- Electrolysis
- Conductivity of electrolytes
- Electrolysis of NaCl solution, anodic and cathodic, primary and secondary processes
- Faraday’s law
- Elements of thermodynamics
- Thermodynamic system
- The first law of thermodynamics
- Expansion work, enthalpy
- Exothermic and endothermic reactions
- Hess’ law with examples
- The quantum theory of light
- Excitation, photolysis, and photosynthesis
- Quantum yield (ozone formation)
- Photo-induced chain reaction (HCl formation)
- The photographic process
- Colloidal systems
- Definition of the colloidal state
- Classification of colloids with examples
- Preparation and stability of different colloidal systems
- Physical characteristics of colloids
- Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, electric and high surface phenomena
- Surfactants
- Macromolecular colloids
- Dialysis, electrolysis, gel-permeation chromatography